ANNUAL SURVEY OF INDUSTRIES (ASI)
The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is the principal source of industrial statistics in India. It provides statistical information to assess and evaluate, objectively and realistically, the changes in the growth, composition and structure of organised manufacturing sector comprising activities related to manufacturing processes, repair services, gas and water supply and cold storage. Industrial sector occupies an important position in the Indian economy and has a pivotal role to play in the rapid and balanced economic development. Viewed in this context the collection and dissemination of ASI data, on a regular basis, are of vital importance. The Survey is conducted annually under the statutory provisions of the Collection of Statistics Act 1953, and the Rules framed there-under in 1959, except in the State of Jammu & Kashmir where it is conducted under the State Collection of Statistics Act, 1961 and the rules framed there-under in 1964.
2. Understanding the importance of collection
and compilation of data relating to industrial sector of the country, the
Government of India, after 1930, launched a voluntary scheme for collection of
detailed data from important industries in India. During the Second World War,
in order to cater to the specific requirement of war management, each
government department created its own statistical sections. In 1942, Industrial Statistics Act was
formed on the recommendation of the Royal Commission on Labour. A Directorate
of Industrial Statistics (DIS) was formed in 1945 under Ministry of Commerce to
administer the act. DIS started Census of Manufacturing Industries in 1946.
After independence, Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) was set up under
Cabinet Secretariat by the Government of India in 1951 as an apex statistical
body for co-ordinating the large variety of data collected by various agencies
which was necessitated for adoption of planned economy by the government. In
1956, the Industrial Statistics Act 1942 was repealed with the passing of a
more comprehensive Collection of Statistics Act 1953. Subsequently DIS was
transferred to the Cabinet Secretariat in 1959 and was attached to Central
Statistical Organisation as Industrial Statistics Wing.
Census of
Manufacturing Industries (CMI)
3. The Directorate of Industrial Statistics
launched the CMI in 1946 with the objective of studying the structure of the
Indian industry and estimating its contribution to national income. Because of practical difficulties, the CMI
could cover only 29 of the 63 industry groups specified in the Industrial
Statistics Act and extended only to 11 States of the Indian Union. It was conducted annually up to 1958. By 1958, the geographical coverage of the
CMI extended to 13 States and 2 Union Territories (UT).
Sample Survey of
Manufacturing Industries (SSMI)
4. Following the recommendation of the
National Income Committee (1949), the Directorate of Industrial Statistics
conducted the first SSMI in 1949 for collecting data from factories falling
under the 34 industry groups left out by the CMI and defined under the
Factories Act 1934. The technical work
including the survey design, sample selection, and preparation of schedules was
undertaken by the Directorate of Industrial Statistics while the tabulation and
analysis of data, report writing, etc. was carried out by the Indian
Statistical Institute, Calcutta. The SSMI was conducted annually up to 1958 by
the then Directorate of National Sample Survey (now the NSS Organisation).
Annual Survey of
Industries (ASI)
5. The Collection of Statistics (Central)
Rules, 1959 framed under the 1953 Act provided for, among others, a
comprehensive Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) in India. This survey replaced both the CMI and
SSMI. The ASI was launched in 1960 with
1959 as the reference year and is continuing since then except for 1972. For ASI, the Collection of Statistics Act
1953 and the rules frame there-under in 1959 provides the statutory basis. The ASI refers to the factories defined in
accordance with the Factories Act 1948, and thus has a coverage wider than that
of the CMI and SSMI put together.
Scope and
Coverage
6. The ASI extends to the entire country
except the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim and Union Territory
of Lakshadweep. It covers all factories registered under Sections 2m(i) and
2m(ii) of the Factories Act, 1948 i.e. those factories employing 10 or more
workers using power; and those employing 20 or more workers without using
power. The survey also covers bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments
registered under the Bidi & Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act,
1966 with coverage as above. All electricity undertakings engaged in generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity registered with the Central
Electricity Authority (CEA) were covered under ASI irrespective of their
employment size. Certain servicing units and activities like water supply, cold
storage, repairing of motor vehicles and other consumer durables like watches
etc. are covered under the Survey. Though servicing industries like motion
picture production, personal services like laundry services, job dyeing, etc.
are covered under the Survey but data are not tabulated, as these industries do
not fall under the scope of industrial sector defined by the United
Nations. Defence establishments, oil
storage and distribution depots, restaurants, hotels, café and computer
services and the technical training institutes, etc. are excluded from the
purview of the Survey.
7. From ASI 1998-99, the electricity units
registered with the CEA and the departmental units such as railway workshops,
RTC workshops, Govt. Mints, sanitary, water supply, gas storage etc. are not
covered, as there are alternative sources of their data compilation for the GDP
estimates by the National Accounts Division of CSO.
ASI frame and its
updation
8. The ASI frame is based on the lists of
registered factories/units maintained by the Chief Inspector of Factories (CIF)
in each State/UT and those maintained by licensing authorities in respect of
bidi and cigar establishments and electricity undertakings. Regional offices of
FOD (NSSO) maintain close liaison with CIF in updating the frame every year.
Sampling Design
9. The primary unit of enumeration in the
survey is a factory in the case of manufacturing industries, a workshop in the
case of repair services, an undertaking or a licensee in the case of
electricity, gas & water supply undertakings and an establishment in the
case of bidi & cigar industries.
The owner of two or more establishments located in the same State and
pertaining to the same industry group and belonging to same scheme (census or
sample) is, however, permitted to furnish a single consolidated return. Such consolidated returns are common feature
in the case of bidi and cigar establishments, electricity and certain public
sector undertakings.
10. The ASI adopted from the beginning a very
simple design. All units with 50 or more workers operating with power, and
units having 100 or more workers operating without power were covered under the
census sector. Also 12 States/UTs,
namely, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Tripura and Pondicherry, A&N Islands, Chandigarh, Goa, Daman & Diu,
D&N Haveli, which were industrially backward, were covered under the census
sector to take complete stock of their manufacturing activities. Even the sample sector which comprised of
units employing less than 50/100 workers (operating with or without power) in
the major States were covered fully over a span of two years. This procedure continued till ASI 1986-87 by
which time the total number of factories in the country grew enormously. Accordingly, the definition of the census
sector was changed from ASI 1987-88 to the units having 100 or more workers
irrespective of their operation with or without power. All the units in the
frame of 12 less industrially developed States/UTs were surveyed on complete
enumeration basis. The rest of the
universe was covered on sampling basis through an efficient sampling design
adopting State X 3 digit industry group as stratum so as to cover all the units
in a span of three years. This design
continued till ASI 1996-97.
11. Before launching of ASI 1997-98 due to
constraints of resources in covering a large number of units in the survey and
generating the results of the survey in time bound manner, a review of the
earlier design was made and a revised design was adopted in ASI 1997-98. The census sector was defined to include
units having 200 or more workers and also some Significant Units were
identified from the databases of ASI 1993-94 to ASI 1995-96, which although
having less than 200 workers, contributed significantly to the Value of Output
in these ASI years. The complete coverage of all Units in 12 less industrially
developed States/UTs, namely, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, A&N Islands, Chandigarh UT, D&N
Haveli, Daman & Diu and Pondicherry was continued. Also, all public sector
undertakings (PSUs) were included in the census sector. The rest of the universe was covered in the
Sample Sector by the usual formula of determination of sample size at a given
value of the precision of the estimates with at least 99 per cent chance. This approach significantly reduced the
sample size in ASI 1997-98 compared to that of ASI 1996-97 while maintaining a
fair level of degree of precision for the estimates up to the State level.
However, in 1997-98 a consensus decision has been taken so as not to attempt
for the district level estimates. This design has been more or less continued
in 2004-05 with the modification that the census sector was defined to include
units having 100 or more workers instead of 200 or more workers and only 5
industrially backward States/UTs, namely, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura
and A&N Islands were covered in census sector. The public sector undertakings were also covered in the general
scheme i.e. units having 100 or more workers in census sector and rest in
sample sector.
Industrial
Classification
12. The Standard Industrial and Occupation
Classification 1962 developed on the basis of the UN International Standard
Industrial Classification (ISIC) of all Economic Activities 1958 (Rev. 1) was
adopted from its first survey in 1960.
With effect from ASI 1973-74, the National Industrial Classification
(NIC) 1970 developed subsequently on the basis of UNISIC 1968(Rev.2) has been
adopted. The NIC 1987 that strictly followed UNISIC 1968 was adopted from ASI
1989-90 to ASI 1997-98. The NIC 1998,
developed on the basis of UNISIC, 1990 (Rev. 3) was used from ASI 1998-99 to
ASI 2003-04. The latest classification, i.e. NIC 2004, developed on the basis
of UNISIC 2002 (Rev. 3.1) has been adopted from ASI 2004-05.
Reference period
& schedule of enquiry
13. Reference period for ASI is the accounting
year of the industrial unit ending on any day during the fiscal year. Thus, in ASI 2004-05, the data collected
from the respective industrial units relate to their accounting year ended on
any day between 1st April 2004 and 31 March 2005.
14. Data for the ASI are collected through a
comprehensive schedule. In the initial
rounds, the schedule sought particulars relating to manufacturing activity
only. Over the years, additions were
made to meet the specific data requirements of various organisations. By 1973-74, the schedule consisted of five
Parts: Part I on manufacturing, Part II on labour turnover, Part III on stocks
& consumption of components and accessories in small scale sector, Part IV
on construction expenditure and Part V on indirect taxes, sales, subsidies and
capacity of power equipments installed.
It was felt that the ASI schedule had become too unwieldy and
complicated. So a modified schedule
with three parts on manufacturing, labour and construction was adopted with
effect from ASI 1974-75. Further modifications in the schedule were carried out
in 1987-88, and again in 1997-98. Part III schedule relating to construction
has been discontinued from 1998-99. The schedule for ASI 2004-05 also
incorporated some minor changes.
Concepts and
Definitions of items collected through the schedule of enquiry
15. The concepts and definitions of items
collected through ASI schedule are given below:
Reference Year
for ASI 2004-05 is the accounting year of the factory ending
on 31st March 2005 while the survey was conducted in 2005-06.
Factory is one that is
registered under sections 2m (i) and 2m (ii) of the Factories Act, 1948. The
sections 2m (i) and 2m (ii) refer to any premises including the precincts
thereof (a) whereon ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day
of the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process
is being carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on; or
(b) whereon twenty or more workers are working or were working on any day of
the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process
is being carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on.
Fixed Capital
represents the depreciated value of fixed assets owned by
the factory as on the closing day of the accounting year. Fixed assets are
those that have a normal productive life of more than one year. Fixed capital
includes land including lease- hold land, buildings, plant & machinery,
furniture and fixtures, transport equipment, water system and roadways and
other fixed assets such as hospitals, schools, etc. used for the benefit of the
factory personnel.
Physical Working Capital
is the total inventories comprising of raw materials and
components, fuels and lubricants, spares, stores and others, semi-finished
goods and finished goods as on the closing day of the accounting year. However,
it does not include the stock of the materials, fuels, stores, etc. supplied by
others to the factory for processing and finished goods processed by the
factory from raw materials supplied by others.
Working Capital
is the sum total of the physical working capital as already
defined above and the cash deposits in hand and at bank and the net balance
receivable over amounts payable at the end of the accounting year. Working
capital, however, excludes unused overdraft facility, fixed deposits (irrespective
of duration), advances for acquisition of fixed assets, loans and advances by
proprietors and partners (irrespective of their purpose and duration),
long-term loans (including interest thereon) and investments.
Productive Capital is the
total of fixed capital and working capital as defined above
Invested Capital is the total of
fixed capital and physical working capital as defined above.
Gross Value of Plant and Machinery represents
the total original (un-depreciated) value of installed plant and machinery at
the end of the accounting year. It includes the book value of the newly
installed plants and machinery and the approximate value of rented in plants
and machinery at the time of renting-in but excludes the value of rented-out plants
and machinery. Total value of all the
plants and machinery acquired on hire - purchase basis is also included.
Outstanding Loans
represent all loans (whether short term or long term,
interest bearing or not) outstanding according to the books of the factory as
on the closing day of the accounting year.
Workers are defined to include all persons employed
directly or through any agency whether for
wages or not and engaged in any
manufacturing process or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for manufacturing
process or in any other kind of work
incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process or the subject of
the manufacturing process . Labour
engaged in the repair & maintenance, or production of fixed assets for factory's
own use, or employed for generating electricity, or producing coal, gas etc.
are included.
Employees include all workers defined above and persons receiving wages and
holding clerical or supervisory or managerial positions engaged in administrative
office, store keeping section and welfare section, sales department as also
those engaged in purchase of raw materials etc. or purchase of fixed assets for
the factory as well as watch and ward staff.
Total Persons Engaged include the employees as defined above and
all working proprietors and their family members who are actively engaged in
the work of the factory even without any pay, and the unpaid members of the
co-operative societies who worked in or for the factory in any direct and
productive capacity. The number of workers or employees is an average number
obtained by dividing mandays worked by the number of days the factory had
worked during the reference year.
Wages and Salaries are
defined to include all remuneration in monetary terms and also payable more or
less regularly in each pay period to workers as compensation for work done
during the accounting year. It includes (a) direct wages and salary (i.e.,
basic wages/salaries, payment of overtime, dearness, compensatory allowance,
house rent and other allowances), (b) remuneration for the period not worked
(i.e., basic wages, salaries and allowances payable for leave period, paid
holiday, lay-off payments and compensation for unemployment, if not paid from
sources other than employers), (c) bonuses and ex-gratia payment paid both at
regular and less frequent intervals (i.e., incentive bonuses, good attendance
bonuses, productive bonuses, profit sharing bonuses, festival or year-end
bonuses, etc.). It excludes lay off payments which are made from trust or other
special funds set up exclusively for this purpose i.e., payments not made by
the employer. It also excludes imputed value of benefits in kind, employer's
contribution to old age benefits and other social security charges, direct expenditure
on maternity benefits and crèches and other group benefits. Travelling and
other expenditure incurred for business purposes and reimbursed by the employer
are excluded. The wages are expressed in terms of gross value i.e., before
deduction for fines, damages, taxes, provident fund, employee's state insurance
contribution, etc.
Contribution To Provident Fund And Other
Funds includes old age
benefits like provident fund, pension, gratuity, etc. and employers contribution towards other social
security charges such as employees
state insurance, compensation for work injuries and occupational diseases,
provident fund-linked insurance, retrenchment and lay- off benefits.
Workmen and Staff Welfare Expenses include group
benefits like direct expenditure on maternity, crèches, canteen facilities,
educational, cultural and recreational facilities; and grants to trade unions, co-operative stores, etc. meant for employees.
Total Emoluments is defined as the sum of wages and
salaries, employers’ contribution as provident fund and other funds and workmen
and staff welfare expenses as defined above.
Total Input comprises total value of fuels and materials
consumed as well as expenditures such as cost of contract and commission work done by others on
materials supplied by the factory, cost of materials consumed for repair and
maintenance of factory's fixed assets including cost of repairs and maintenance
work done by others to the factory's fixed assets, inward freight and transport
charges, rates and taxes (excluding income tax), postage, telephone and telex
expenses, insurance charges, banking charges, cost of printing and stationery
and purchase value of goods sold in the same condition as purchased .
Total Output
comprises total ex-factory value of products and by-products manufactured as
well as other receipts such as receipts from non-industrial services rendered
to others, work done for others on material supplied by them, value of
electricity produced and sold, sale value of goods sold in the same condition
as purchased, addition in stock of semi- finished goods and own construction.
Depreciation is
consumption of fixed capital due to wear & tear and obsolescence during the
accounting year and is taken as provided by the factory owner or is estimated
on the basis of cost of installation and working life of the fixed assets.
Net Value Added is arrived by
deducting total input and depreciation from total output.
Presentation of Data
16. The ASI
results presented in the published reports relate to the factory sector i.e.
industrial units covered under the census and sample sectors of the ASI. The total of any characteristic was obtained
by adding the figures of the census sector and estimates of sample sector.
Present position
of availability of results
17. As per the National Dissemination Policy,
the ASI reports are supplied on
electronic media to the Computer Centre, New Delhi which has been declared as
the Data Warehouse of the Ministry of Statistics & PI for the purpose of
dissemination to users on request as per the Pricing Policy fixed by the
Ministry. As per the dissemination
policy, the Unit-wise data are also supplied by CSO (IS Wing), Kolkata to the
Computer Centre for dissemination to users.
Of course, for Unit-wise dissemination due care is taken in suppressing
identities of industrial Units as required under the Collection of Statistics
Act 1953. This is achieved by merger of
data of some units in some industry groups/States/UTs when the number of units
became less than three.
18. The final
results for ASI 2004-05 have already been released. The ASI results in respect of selected
characteristics are available in electronic media at various levels of
aggregation, viz.
·
All industries by
States,
·
All India X 2- digit
level of NIC with rural-urban break-up,
·
All India X 2/3/4-digit
level of NIC,
·
States X 2/3/4-digit
level of NIC,
·
Unit level with
suppressed identifications, etc.
19. The following offices may
be contacted for the ASI results on electronic media against payment:
I.
Deputy Director General
Central Statistical Organisation (Industrial Statistics Wing)
Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation
1, Council House Street, Kolkata - 700 001
Tel: 91-33-22481521; Fax:
91-33- 22483501
E-Mail: cso_isw@yahoo.co.in
II.
Deputy Director General
Computer Center
Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation
East Block-10, R.K.Puram
New Delhi - 110066
Tel: 91-11-26109682; Fax
: 91-11-26160652
E-Mail : ddgcc@hotmail.com