• Home
  • 13.3 Gross Domestic Product

13.3 Gross domestic Product

  • Brief Method of compiling Gross Domestic Product estimates by Industry
    • 13.3.1 Broadly, the methodology for compiling the estimates of GDP consists in dividing the whole economy into various sectors comprising primary, secondary and tertiary activities. The estimates of GDP in respect of agriculture, forestry and logging, fishing, mining and quarrying, registered manufacturing (establishments registered under Factories Act, 1948) and construction are based on production approach. Income approach is used in the estimation of GDP originating in Un-registered manufacturing (establishments not registered under Factories Act), electricity, gas and water supply, trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, banking and insurance, real estate, ownership of dwellings, business services, public administration and defence and other services. The estimates of various services in the public sector are compiled by analysing the budget documents and annual reports of departmental and non-departmental commercial undertakings, those of the organised (registered) manufacturing sector are made using data from the Annual Survey of Industries, the estimates relating to the unorganised sectors in various economic activities are made using the figures of per worker value added available from the results of follow-up surveys of the Economic Census and the labour force in the activity. Generally, the unorganised sectors estimate of GDP is compiled for the base year or the bench mark survey year and estimates of subsequent years are obtained by moving the base year estimate with the help of appropriate physical indicators. The extent of this type of indirect estimation in the compilation of annual GDP estimates is indicated in various Annexes. Annexe 13.1 gives the list of items, sector-wise, estimates for which are compiled by indirect methods, while Annexe 13.2 gives the proportion of direct estimation in the GDP during the benchmark year and for a year other than the benchmark year, both for the series (at base 1980-81) and the series (at base 1993-94) of NAS; and Annexe 13.3, the list of benchmark surveys used in series (at base 1993-94) of NAS.
  • Source Agencies, in the compilation of Gross Domestic Product Estimates
    • Agriculture
      • 13.3.2 The principal source agency for data on the agriculture sector is the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture. Out of about 78 crops, crop-groups for which estimates of value of output are prepared, data on area and yield in respect of 49 principal crops (see Annexe 13.4) are available with a reasonable time lag from the DESMOA. For other crops, although the area figures are available from the DESMOA, production estimates are based on the information supplied by the State Government sources and ad hoc reports. Data on State level weighted average prices of crops, which are used for evaluating the corresponding output of State level crops, are made available by the State DESs.
      • 13.3.3 The principal sources of data for inputs are the results of the Cost of Cultivation Studies (CCS) (for list of crops covered under CCS see Annexe 13.5), State DESs, State Agriculture Departments, Central Electricity Authority, Fertiliser Association of India and Pesticides Association of India.
    • Livestock
      • 13.3.4 The source agency for the data on milk, egg and wool is the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD), which collects this information through the Integrated Sample Survey conducted by the State AHDs. Estimates of meat and the number of slaughtered and fallen animals are available from the State AHDs and DESs and that of the livestock population from the DESMOA and State AHDs from the results of Livestock Censuses. Estimates of silk and honey are available from the respective Boards and State AHD.
    • Forestry
      • 13.3.5 The sources for data on production of forest products (industrial wood, fuel-wood and minor forest products) are the various Forest Departments of State Governments (SFD). However, the estimates of production of fuel-wood reported by the SFDs are considered totally unreliable as most of the fuel-wood is lifted in an unauthorised way. For the purpose of estimation of GDP, the output of fuel-wood is estimated from the consumption side making use of the results of NSS on consumption expenditure of households.
    • Fishing
      • 13.3.6 The main source of data for inland fishing, marine fishing and production of prawns is the Ministry of Agriculture. The source agencies for data on other ancillary activities like sun drying of fish and salting of fish are the State Fisheries Departments. Data on prices are made available by the DESs.
    • Mining
      • 13.3.7 The source agencies for the major minerals are the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), Coal India Ltd. (CIL) and its subsidiaries, and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). The information on minor minerals is obtained from the State Geological Departments. The information on the material inputs is available from the Office of Coal Controller, IBM, ONGC and Oil India Limited. An Enterprise Survey conducted in 1992 is the new source on minor minerals.
    • Registered Manufacturing
      • 13.3.8 The registered sector of manufacturing covers all factories employing 10 or more workers and using power and those employing 20 or more persons but not using power, and bidi and cigar establishments registered under Bidi and Cigar Workers’ Act, 1966 employing 10 or more workers using power and 20 or more workers but not using power. Data on products and by-products of the factories covered under Factories’ Act, 1948 and material inputs are collected annually through the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) by the CSO. Factories employing 100 persons or more are covered on a census basis and other factories are covered on a sample basis. Non-response is taken care of by adjusting the estimates of GDP on the basis of the number of workers in the non-responding units assuming that the gross value added per worker in the responding and non-responding unit is of the same order.
    • Unregistered Manufacturing
      • 13.3.9 Data from unregistered manufacturing (factories other than those covered under the ASI) is not collected on an annual basis. Data from such units is collected once in five years on a sample basis through the Follow-up Surveys of the Economic Census. Directory Establishments employing 6 persons and more and Non-Directory establishments employing 1 to 5 persons and Own-account Enterprise with no hired worker are covered separately in the Follow-up Surveys. The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is generally used for extrapolating the benchmark estimates.
    • Electricity, Gas and water supply
      • 13.3.10 Information on output/sales of and material inputs into electricity, gas supply by pipeline and water supply, are available in respect of departmental undertakings, Central and State Power Corporations, State Electricity Boards. For data on gobar gas, the source agencies are the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy and the Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC). Estimates of water supply are based on the data of responding municipalities and estimates of workforce engaged in this activity.
    • Construction
      • 13.3.11 Information on current production exports and imports and intermediate consumption of basic construction materials are available from various official sources. Information on the other construction materials is based on the norms provided by National Buildings Organisation (NBO), Central Public Works Department (CPWD) and Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) on various types of constructions namely, residential buildings, non-residential buildings, roads, bridges, and the like. Information on expenditures made on the kutcha construction in respect of the public sector is culled out from the budget documents of the administrative departments and annual reports and DCUs and NDCUs. In case of the private corporate sector, for kutcha construction, the information on construction activities in plantations of Tea, Coffee and Rubber is taken from the Tea, Coffee and Rubber Boards. The sources of information for the household sector are the All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) and some old NSS reports.
    • Trade, hotels and restaurants
      • 13.3.12 For the public sector components of Trade, Hotels and Restaurants, information on factor incomes is available in the budget documents/annual reports of the departmental and non-departmental commercial undertakings. For the organised private sector components, estimates of value added and work force are taken from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)’s, Company Finance Studies and the publications of the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGE&T). For the unorganised segments of trade and hotels and restaurants, benchmark estimate (prepared on the basis of working force and per worker value added) is moved with the help of a physical indicator namely, the Gross Trading Income. The per worker value added information is available from the Enterprise Surveys conducted quinquennially by the CSO/NSSO.
    • Transport, Storage and Communication
      • 13.3.13 The activities of transport services by railways and other means, and storage and communication are compiled separately for the public sector, private organised sector and unorganised sector. For the public sector component, the requirements relating to factor incomes, capital formation and other aggregates are based on the budget documents and annual reports of the departmental and non-departmental commercial undertakings. For the private sector, particularly the private shipping companies and air transport, the annual reports of the companies are available which provide the required information for compiling GVA and other aggregates. For the unorganised segments of other activities namely, mechanised road transport, non-mechanised road transport, sailing vessels other than ships, the services incidental to transport and storage, GDP estimates are built up using estimates of workforce and per worker value added from bench mark surveys. Estimates for years other than the benchmark survey year are made on the basis of appropriate physical indicators, like commercial vehicles registered and cargo handled at major ports.
    • Banking and Insurance
      • 13.3.14 As most of the banking and insurance activities are in the public sector, requisite data are available from the annual reports. Also, the RBI provides information on the banks including the Reserve Bank. The information on cooperative credit societies is available from the Statements Relating to the Cooperative Movement in India published by the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD).
    • Services
      • 13.3.15 In public administration and defence, information on compensation of employees is available from the budget documents. However, the requisite data in respect of local bodies are not available. The estimates in respect of local bodies are prepared on the basis of transfers made by the State Government to the local bodies. For the rest of the services activities, the estimates of unorganised component are built-up using various sources of data, like Population Census (for dwellings), NSS (for rent per dwelling), Bar Council (for number of registered advocates), Ministry of Human Resource Development (for recognised educational institutions), Enterprise Surveys (for value added per worker) and Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGE&T) (for number of workers in the organised sector, which is required to derive the workforce in the unorganised sector) and other ad hoc sources.
  • Methodology of compilation of GDP estimates by industry
    • Agriculture and allied activities
      • 13.3.16 In the NAS, the agriculture sector includes agriculture proper, livestock and operation of the irrigation system. Agriculture proper includes various crops including plantation crops, agricultural and horticultural services and ancillary activities like gur making, transportation of own produce to the primary markets and activities yielding rental income from machinery. The livestock sector covers breeding and rearing of animals and poultry, production of milk, slaughtering, preparation and dressing of meat, production of raw hides and skins, eggs, dung, raw wool, honey, silk worm cocoons and increment in livestock. The estimates of domestic product from these activities are prepared using the production approach, except in the case of operation of irrigation system, which is arrived at from the Government records through the income approach. The production approach requires estimation of gross value of output and value of inputs.
      • 13.3.17 In respect of the sub-sector agriculture proper, the estimates of value of output are prepared separately for all the 78 crops/crop-groups. These 78 crops are divided into four categories namely, principal crops, minor crops, miscellaneous and unspecified crops and other products and by-products. The estimates of value of output for the 49 principal crops are prepared using the production figures compiled by the DESMOA and the prices relating to the peak marketing period prevailing in the primary market Centres compiled by the State Directorates of Economics and Statistics (DES's). In the case of minor crops like cashewnut, indigo and papaya, the area and out turn figures are available with a time lag of one year. In respect of minor crops such as mango, citrus fruits, grapes and other fruits and vegetables, the estimates of production are built up from the data provided by the National Horticulture Board (NHB) and the State DESs. The source for production figures of, coffee, rubber and opium are the Coffee Board, Rubber Board and Central Bureau of Narcotics, respectively. The estimated production of tea is arrived at by utilising the information on processed tea received from the Tea Board. The miscellaneous and unspecified crops cover other cereals, other oil seeds, other sugars, other fibres, other dyes and tanning material, other drugs and narcotics, other condiments and spices, other fruits and vegetables, fodder, miscellaneous food crops, grass and miscellaneous non-food crops. In respect of these crops, area figures are available from the DESMOA and data on value of output per hectare are estimated using the norms provided by various surveys conducted by the NSSO and the estimates of value of output of the respective crop groups. The benchmark estimates of production of fodder related to the year 1955-56 and the area figures available from the DESMOA are the two sources for estimating the output of fodder. In the case of grass, the area figures are estimated from the Land Use Statistics (LUS) and the source for yield estimate is the NSS Report No.65, “Tables with Notes on Animal Husbandry year 1951-52". The products and by-products include stalks and straw, arhar, sesamum, jute and cotton sticks, bagasse and cane trash. The primary source of data for these, with the exception of bagasse, is the CCS, which give the estimates of by-products in terms of value of output per hectare. In the case of bagasse, the estimate is arrived at as a percentage of quantity of sugarcane that goes into the making of gur.
      • 13.3.18 The estimates of value of output for the livestock sector are prepared separately for the items, milk, meat group, eggs, wool and hair, dung, silk-worm cocoons, honey and increment in livestock. The value of output of these products is estimated utilising the figures of production finalised by the Technical Committee for Directions (TCD) and made available by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD) and the price figures furnished by the State DESs. In the case of the meat group, which comprises meat (including edible offal and glands and poultry meat), meat products (like fats, legs and head) and by-products (like hides, skins, guts, blood, bones, horns and hoofs), the production figures are estimated with the help of yield rates and the number of slaughtered animals, furnished by the State Animal Husbandry & Dairying AHD's. The estimates of other meat products and by-products are based on the number of slaughtered animals and fallen animals, wherever applicable, and the corresponding yield rates available from various Directorates of Marketing & Inspection (DMI) reports. The estimates of poultry meat are prepared in terms of the number of adult fowls and chicken slaughtered using information on the utilisation of eggs and chicken that survived. The estimates of dung are prepared on the basis of information on livestock population and evacuation rates supplied by the DAHD, as well as the results of Integrated Sample Survey. The utilisation rates of dung used as manure and used as fuel are also supplied by the Department of AHD. In the case of silk and honey, the output figures of silk worm cocoons by types namely, mulberry, tasar, ericot and muga and honey are available with Central Silk Board and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), respectively. The estimates of increment in livestock population are estimated by extrapolating the population figures available from the successive ILC's. The State-weighted average prices required for estimating the value of output for both agriculture and livestock products are supplied to the CSO by the State DESs.
      • 13.3.19 In order to avoid double counting the value of the product, the value of inputs, which are also, outputs of some items, are deducted, to arrive at the Gross Value Added (GVA). The inputs, generally being common to both the livestock and agriculture sub-sectors, are estimated for the sector as a whole. Thus, GDP figures are not separately available for the agriculture and livestock sub-sectors. (Utilising the rates and ratios available from the Input-Output Transactions Tables of the CSO, the GDP estimates for these two sub-sectors have been made by the CSO and presented in the NAS publications.) The inputs of the agriculture sector are divided into ten items namely, seed, organic manure, chemical fertilisers, current repairs, maintenance of fixed assets and other operational costs, feed of livestock, irrigation charges, market charges, electricity, pesticides and insecticides and diesel oil. Data on seed rates are available from the Cost of Cultivation Studies (CCS) as well as the State Agriculture Departments and the reports of the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. In the case of organic manure, it is assumed that the output of dung manure in the livestock sector is equivalent to the organic manure input in the agriculture sector. The estimates of value of chemical fertilisers consumed are arrived at by using the figures of material-wise distribution of chemical fertilisers published by the Fertiliser Association of India and the retail prices. The livestock feed comprises of roughage and concentrates. The roughage include cane trash, grass, fodder, stalks, straw, and the like, while concentrates are oil cakes, crushed pulses, grains, grams, rice bran, husk, oil seeds, gur, and other concentrates. The entire production of fodder, cane trash and grass and 95 per cent of production of stalks and straws in the agriculture sector are considered to be consumed by the livestock population. Adjustment is made towards the consumption of these items by the animals, which are not directly connected, to the agriculture sector. The estimates of concentrates fed to livestock are largely based on the feed rates collected under the 30th Round of NSSO in 1975-76, studies conducted by the IASRI as well as by the State DES's. The estimates of irrigation charges are based on the information available from the State Irrigation Departments. The estimates of market charges are arrived at by conducting a special study with the help of State DES's and the DESMOA, covering various agricultural and livestock commodities and several primary-marketing centres. These market charges as a proportion of the value of output are assumed to be constant during a period of a few years and are therefore, not revised every year. Whereas the estimates for electricity and pesticides and insecticides are based on the information received from the Central Electricity Authority and the Pesticides Association of India, the estimates of diesel oil are prepared using the norms available from the CCS and figures of the number of diesel engines and tractors available from the State DES's. The estimates of repairs and maintenance are prepared using the norms available from the AIDIS.
    • Forestry and Logging
      • 13.3.20 Major products comprise industrial wood and fuel wood. Minor products include items like bamboo, fodder, lac, sandalwood, honey, resin and gum. The main sources of data are the State Forest Departments and the Government budget documents. The recorded production of fuel wood is too low on account of the huge unauthorised cutting and lifting in India. Thus the total estimated consumption expenditure on fuel wood is taken as the proxy of value of output. The estimates of fuel wood consumption are based on large-scale quinquennial household consumer expenditure surveys conducted by the NSSO.
    • Fishing
      • 13.3.21 The activities covered in this sector are - (a) fishing in ocean, coastal, offshore and inland waters for commercial purposes, (b) subsistence fishing in inland waters (c) gathering of sea weeds, sea shells and other ocean and coastal water products, and (d) fish curing. Data on production, prices, and value of fish catch are supplied by the State Fisheries Departments and the State DESs.
    • Mining and Quarrying
      • 13.3.22 This sector comprises extraction of minerals which occur in nature as solids, liquids or gases with all the supplementary operations for dressing and beneficiating ores and other crude minerals. The major sources of data for fuel minerals namely, coal and lignite and major metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals are the IBM, Coal India Ltd. and the Office of the Coal Controller. The Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) provides data on production, prices and inputs of petroleum and natural gas. Data on minor minerals mainly in the form of clay, stones, marbles, building materials are supplied by the State Geological Departments. Data on inputs in respect of major minerals are supplied by the Coal Controller, ONGC and IBM. Data on inputs in respect of minor minerals are based on results of the Sample Surveys conducted by the NSSO in respect of households engaged in extraction of such minerals.
    • Registered (Organised) Manufacturing
      • 13.3.23 Manufacturing establishments registered under the Indian Factories/Bidi and Cigar Workers Act are included in this sector. Data on the output and inputs for this sector are collected under the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). Industry-wise estimates are released in the CSO publication, “ASI Summary Results” for the factory sector. The GDP for the registered manufacturing sector is prepared by following the production approach (which is the total output at ex-factory prices minus the total input valued at purchasers’ prices) using the ASI‑Summary Results for the factory sector. The estimates are adjusted for non-response on the basis of the workers of non-responding units.
    • Unregistered (Unorganised) Manufacturing
      • 13.3.24 The estimates of GVA for this sector of the benchmark year are obtained as a product of the estimated work force and the GVA per worker available from the results of the Follow up Surveys of Economic Census conducted periodically by the CSO and the Census of Small Scale Industries conducted by the Office of the Development Commissioner for Small Scale Industries. For years other than the survey year, the estimates are moved forward for current and constant price estimates with the help of suitable price and quantity (IIP) indices separately for each 2-digit industry group.
    • Electricity
      • 13.3.25 GDP at current prices is worked out by the income approach. The estimates of factor incomes are obtained from the analysis of data contained in the annual reports of the electricity boards, power corporations, annual budget documents of the Central and State Governments, private electricity companies and co-operative units and the electricity undertakings of local bodies. Estimates of GDP at constant prices are obtained by moving forward the base year (1993-94) estimates with the Index of Total Power Generation.
    • Gas
      • 13.3.26 Data sources utilised for the estimation of the gas sector GVA are the accounts of the Gas Authority of India. Estimates in respect of gobar (organic) gas is worked out from the data supplied by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC). Estimates at constant prices are worked out from the output at 1993-94 prices using the base year input output ratios for each sub sector separately.
    • Water Supply
      • 13.3.27 In case of Government and municipal water supply undertakings, the Net Value Added (NVA) is to be taken as a compensation of employees. In the case of the private sector, the estimates of compensation of employees is worked as a product of wages per worker and the total work force engaged in the private sector water supply works. To these the operating surplus in respect of water supply works available from ASI data are added to arrive at the total NVA for the sector. Estimates of CFC worked out separately for the public and private sectors are added to obtain the estimates of GVA. Estimates at 1993-94 prices are obtained in respect of the public sector by deflating the current price estimates with the consumer price index of industrial workers. In the case of the private sector, the 1993-94 base year estimates are moved forward with the index of the work force. To these, the CFC at 1993-94 prices is added separately for each sub-sector to arrive at the GDP at 1993-94 prices.
    • Construction
      • 13.3.28 Estimates of basic material inputs in Pucca construction works is estimated by adding together the value of commodities for construction at prices paid by the builders at the site of construction following the commodity flow approach. The value of output in kutcha construction in the public sector and private corporate sector is estimated from the data available in the annual budget documents of the Government and the annual reports of the Rubber, Tea and Coffee Boards on plantation works. In case of the household sector the component of kutcha construction works is estimated from the All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) results for the year 1992. For the other years, the estimates are moved forward with suitable indicators. For Pucca construction, based on information available from Central Public Works Department, National Building Organisation and survey results a fixed percentage of material inputs is taken as factor inputs, i.e. GVA in the base year. For other years, the value of material input is duly adjusted for wage and price indices. In the case of labour-intensive kutcha construction works, 75 per cent of the value of output is taken as GVA. Estimates at constant prices are arrived at by deflating the current price GVA estimates by suitable price indices.
    • Trade, Hotels and Restaurants
      • 13.3.29 Current price estimates of GVA in respect of the public sector are based on the annual budget documents and annual reports of trading enterprises. In case of the private corporate sector and cooperatives, the estimates are based on sample studies undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and annual report of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), respectively. For the remaining unorganised part of the trading activity the estimates for the base year (1993-94) are estimated from the results of the Follow up Surveys of the Economic Census and work force. For other years, the base year estimates in respect of unorganised trade are moved forward with the help of the Gross Trading Income (GTI) specially worked out from the marketable surplus and trade margins of various commodities. Constant price estimates are arrived, by moving forward the base year estimates by the index of GTI. The GTI at constant price is also compiled (on the same lines as that in the case of GTI at current prices) by using value of output of commodity producing sectors at constant prices.
    • Railways and Communication
      • 13.3.30 The estimates are based on data available in the annual budget documents and the annual reports of Railways and Communication Departmental enterprises. Constant price estimates are arrived at by moving forward the base year (1993-94) estimates by suitable quantum indices.
    • Transport other than Railways
      • 13.3.31 For the organised public sector part, the estimates are based on annual data available from the budget documents and annual reports of the public sector transport enterprises. For the unorganised part, the base year estimates are based on the results of the Follow up Surveys of Economic Census.
    • Storage
      • 13.3.32 Estimates in respect of public sector are worked out from the data contained in the reports of the Central and State warehousing corporations. In respect of cold storage, the estimates are based on ASI data, whereas for storage activities in the unorganised sector, the estimates are based on Follow up Surveys of Economic Census duly adjusted with a suitable indicator for the base year and other years. The constant price estimates are prepared by moving forward the base year estimates with the help of quantum indices specially constructed for the purpose.
    • Banking and Insurance
      • 13.3.33 Detailed data are available from the annual reports of the Reserve Bank of India, non-banking financial companies and corporations and also the Life Insurance and General Insurance Corporations. In respect of post office saving banks and postal life insurance, data are available from the annual budget documents of the Central Government. Data in respect of cooperative credit societies are available from the NABARD. Estimates at constant price are arrived at by using suitable quantum indices in each case. In the absence of data in respect of unorganised moneylenders, the GVA for this sub sector is estimated as one third of the GVA in respect of organised non-banking financial companies and corporations in public and private sectors.
    • Real Estate, Ownership of Dwellings and Business Services
      • 13.3.34 Estimates in respect of real estate and business services are based on the sample analysis of joint stock companies adjusted for full coverage on the basis of paid up capital of such companies. The estimates in respect of ownership of the dwelling is based on the number of dwellings as per the Population Census and gross rental per dwelling available from the NSSO survey results. Constant price estimates are worked out by moving forward the base year estimates with suitable quantum indices.
    • Public Administration and Defence
      • 13.3.35 Annual estimates of NVA, which comprise only the compensation of the employees is worked out from the data contained in the Government budget documents. Estimates of CFC worked out separately are added to NVA to arrive at GVA estimates. Estimates of GVA at constant 1993-94 prices are worked out by deflating the current price NVA by consumer price indices (CPI) of Industrial Workers and adding to it the CFC at 1993-94 prices.
    • Other Services
      • 13.3.36 The Current price estimates in respect of the organised public sector part are based on data available in the budget documents in respect of education, medical, radio & television broadcasting and sanitary services. For the unorganised sector, like tailoring services, barber and beauty services, and laundry, & domestic services, etc. the estimates are worked out on the basis of data on GVA per worker available from Follow up Surveys of the Economic Census and work force. The estimates at constant prices in respect of the public sector are arrived at by deflating the NVA at current prices by the CPI and adding to it the CFC at 1993-94 prices and in case of the unorganised sector moving forward the base year estimates with the growth in the working force of the corresponding services.
      • 13.3.37 The sources of data for different data categories in detail are indicated in the Table 13.7 below. Also given in the last column is the contribution to total output/input/GDP of the country (estimated using IOTT 1993-94 data, which gives such data separately) and a contribution within the sector’s output/input/GDP for the year 1993-94, along with the method of estimation, for the corresponding data categories listed.
    • Table 13. 7: Existing Data Sources for the Series with base 1993-94

      Data category and its use in NAS

      Source of data for the series       ( base 1993-94)

      Method of Estimation and its share  in 1993-94

      (a) Agriculture and Livestock

      Gross value added is estimated as value of output minus the value of inputs, both at current and at constant prices.  Thus the estimates of value added for this sector at constant prices are obtained by the method of double deflation.

       

      Both value of output and value of inputs are measured separately at constant prices and at current prices. Estimates of gross value of output are available at detailed crop level from principal crops; inputs are estimated at the aggregate level for all crops put together.

      Principal Crops

      Area and production of principal crops and

      Prices.

       

      (For estimating the value of output of these crops.)

       

       

      Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC), which collects this data through the State Agriculture Statistical Authorities (SASAs).  Statistics flow as a by-product of the State Revenue Departments.  The schemes in place are the Timely Reporting Scheme (for preliminary estimates of area), complete enumeration (for fully revised estimates) and crop-cutting experiments (for yield estimates). State DESs for prices, which collects the data during the peak marketing season from the primary marketing centres.

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods (production % price), both at current and at constant prices.

      These crops account for 10.0 % of the total value of output of the country (based on input-output transactions table, 1993-94, the total value of output of the country is Rs. 15,00,114 core, total inputs Rs. 7,01,037 crore and GDP Rs. 7,99,077 crore during 1993-94) and 69.0 % of value of output of the agriculture sub-sector.

      Minor Crops

      Area, production and prices of minor crops (tea, coffee, rubber, horticultural crops other than those covered under principal crops, opium, flowers and cashewnut)

       

      (For estimating value of output of these crops.)

      Tea Board, Coffee Board, Rubber Board, National Horticulture Board, Central Bureau of Narcotics and Cashewnut Board.

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods (production % price), both at current and at constant prices.

      These crops account for 2.1 % of total value of output of the country and 14.6 % of value of output of agriculture sub-sector.

      Miscellaneous Crops

      Area for the Miscellaneous crops (other cereals, other sugars, other oilseeds, other fibres, other drugs and narcotics, other condiments and spices, other pulses, other fruits and vegetables, fodder, grass, mulberry and Miscellaneous food and non-food crops.

      (For estimating the value of output of these crops.)

      DAC

      Value of output estimates is made by indirect methods using value of output per hectare of respective crop-groups (area % value of output per hectare), both at current and at constant prices.

      These crops account for 0.9 % of the total value of output of the country and 6.1 % of value of output of agriculture sub-sector.

       

      By-products

      Area and cost of cultivation studies for the crops paddy, wheat, bajra, barley, jowar, maize, ragi, gram, moong, arhar, urad, groundnut, cotton, jute, sugarcane, poppy seed.

       (For estimating the value of output of these crops.)

      DAC for all crops other than the poppy seed

      Narcotics Board for by-products of poppy seed.

      Value of output estimates are made by direct methods using value of output of by-products per hectare of the respective crops (area % value of output per hectare), both at current and at constant prices.

      These crops account for 1.0 % of total value of output of the country and 6.6 % of value of output of agriculture sub-sector.

       

      Other Products

      Prices for the products gur and bagasse; area for land under kitchen garden.

      (For estimating the value of output of these crops.)

      State DESs for prices and NSSO surveys on landholdings.

      Value of output estimates are made by indirect methods using rates  (updated at the time of base  year revision on the basis of data supplied by the Directorate of Sugar, Ministry of Agriculture) of production of gur and bagasse from sugarcane to obtain production figures and the prices, both at current and at constant prices.  For kitchen garden, the area under this is estimated as a ratio (estimated from the NSSO survey) of total area.  The value of output is estimated as production % value of output per hectare of the crop-group 'fruits and vegetables', both at current and at constant prices.

       

      These crops account for 0.5 % of total value of output of the country and 3.6 % of value of output of agriculture sub-sector.

      Milk, Egg and Wool

      Production and prices of milk, egg and wool.

      (For estimating the value of output of these crops.)

      Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, which collects this data through the Integrated Sample Survey, conducted by the State Animal Husbandry Departments.

      State DESs for prices.

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods (production % price), both at current and at constant prices.

       

      These items account for 3.1 % of total value of output of the country and 68.4 % of value of output of livestock sub-sector.

      Meat, cattle/buffalo hides, goat/sheep skins, dung - Production and prices of the items like cakes, manure and that used silk-eri, tussar, muga, honey, bee wax

       

      (For estimating the value of output of these items).

      State DESs for production and prices of meat hides skins and dung; Central Silk Board and the Khadi and Village Industries Commission for other items for production and prices.

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods (production % price), both at current and at constant prices.

       

      These items account for 0.9 % of total value of output of the country and 20.7 % of value of output of livestock sub-sector.

      Other livestock products

      Production and prices of all other livestock products, fats, heads and legs, edible offal and glands, poultry meat, meat by-products guts, blood, esophagus, useless meat, meat by-products - bones, horns, hoofs, tail stumps, and increment in livestock.

      (For estimating their value of output.)

      DAC through the Indian Livestock Census conducted once in about 5 years, State Animal Husbandry Departments, Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO),

      State DESs for prices.

      Value of output estimates made by indirect methods - firstly, estimates of production are made on the basis of yield rates and value of output estimate is made as production % price, both at current and constant prices.

       

      These items account for 0.5 % of total value of output of the country and 10.9 % of value of output of livestock sub-sector.

      Inputs - seed pesticides, electricity, chemical fertilisers, and organic manure and irrigation charges.

      (For deriving the value of inputs; and, consequently the value added estimates.)

      DAC through the Cost of cultivation studies (annual), State budget documents, Central Electricity Authority, Pesticide Association of India, Fertiliser Association of India and the State DESs.

      Value of input estimates, both at current and constant prices made by direct methods  - as consumption % price, except in the case of irrigation charges, which are estimated at current prices by the analysis of budgets and at constant prices by extrapolating the base year figures with the index of area irrigated through Government sources.

       

      These items account for 2.9 % of total value of inputs of the country and 38.8 % of value of inputs of agriculture sector.

      Inputs - repair and maintenance, diesel oil, market charges, feed of livestock.

      AIDIS, 1991-92 State DESs, DAC, and NSSO.

      Estimates made by indirect methods.

      Repair and maintenance

      AIDIS data for both current and constant prices.

      Diesel oil

      At current prices

      Value of inputs=no. Of diesel engines/tractors % consumption in value terms per diesel engine/tractor in the current year.

      At constant prices

      Value of inputs=no. Of diesel engines/tractors % consumption in value terms per diesel engine/tractor in the base year.

      Market charges

      Market charges=.0129 (which is derived from the benchmark survey done by DAC in 1997) % value of output, both at current and constant prices.

      Feed of livestock

      Value of  roughage's=value of output of fodder, grass, cane trash + .95 % (value of output of straw and stalks) and

      Value of concentrates=Consumption rates of different categories of animals of different items % population of these categories % Weighted average price of different items, both at current and constant prices.

      These items account for 4.5 % of total value of inputs of the country and 61.2 % of value of inputs of agriculture sector.

      (b) Forestry and logging

      Gross value added is estimated as value of output minus the value of inputs, both at current and at constant prices.  Thus the estimates of value added for this sector at constant prices are obtained by the method of double deflation.

       

      Both value of output and value of inputs are measured separately at constant prices and at current prices.

       

      Production of Major and minor forest products

       

      (For estimating value of output.)

      State Forest Departments (SFD) for both production and prices.

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods (production % price), both at current and constant prices, for major forest products; value of output estimates provided as such by the SFDs for minor forest products

      These items account for 0.2 % of total value of output of the country and 26.8 % of value of output of forestry sector.

      Production of Fuel wood

       

      (For estimating value of output)

      NSSO consumption expenditure survey for

      1993-94

      Value of output estimates made by indirect methods (production % price), both at current and constant prices; production estimated from consumption data from NSSO surveys.

      These items account for 0.6 % of total value of output of the country and 73.2 % of value of output of forestry sector.

      Inputs of forestry sector

       

      (For estimating value of inputs.)

      Ad hoc norm of 10% of value of output based on analysis of a few State Government Budget Documents.

      Value of inputs estimated by indirect methods

      Estimated to be 10 % of total value of output, at both current and constant prices.

      These items account for 0.2 % of total country's inputs and 100 % of sector's inputs.

      (c) Fishing

      Gross value added is estimated as value of output minus the value of inputs, both at current and at constant prices.  Thus the estimates of value added for this sector at constant prices are obtained by the method of double deflation.

      Both the value of output and value of inputs are measured separately at constant prices and at current prices.

      Production of Marine and inland fish, subsistence fishing, fish curing

       

      (For estimating value of output.)

      Ministry of Agriculture and State Fisheries Departments for production and State DESs for prices.

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods (production % price), both at current and constant prices.

       

      These items account for 0.7 % of total value of output of the country and 100.0 % of value of output of fishing sector.

      Inputs -

      (For estimating value of inputs.)

      Ad hoc norms supplied by State Fisheries Departments.

      Value of inputs estimated by indirect methods

       

      22.5 % of value of output for marine fish and prawns, 10 % for inland fish and 1 % for drying of fish, at both current and constant prices.

       

      These items account for 0.2 % of total country's inputs and 100 % of sector's inputs.

      (d) Mining and Quarrying

      Gross value added is estimated as value of output minus the value of inputs, both at current and at constant prices.  Thus the estimates of value added for this sector at constant prices are obtained by the method of double deflation. Both value of output and value of inputs are measured separately at constant prices and at current prices.

      Production of Coal and lignite

      (For estimating value of output.)

       

      Production of Crude Petroleum and natural gas

      (For estimating value of output and inputs.)

       

      Production of other major minerals

      (For estimating value of output)

       

      Production of Minor minerals

      (For estimating value of output)

       

      Inputs of coal and lignite

      (For estimating value of inputs)

       

      Inputs of Metallic and non-metallic minerals

      (For estimating value of inputs)

       

      Inputs of minor minerals

      (For estimating value of inputs)

      Coal India Ltd. and its subsidiaries, TISCO, IBM for production, prices and value of output.

       

      Oil and Natural Gas Commission and Oil India Limited (for production, prices and inputs).

       

       

       

      IBM

       

       

       

       

      State Geological Departments, data relates to value terms.

       

       

       

      Office of Coal Controller and Neyveli Lignite Corporation.

       

       

      IBM

       

       

       

       

      State Geological Departments

       

      Value of output estimates made by direct methods, at current prices by analysis of annual reports in the case of coal; and for coal at constant prices and for all other items at both current and at constant prices, as production % prices.

       

      These items account for 2.5 % of total GDP of the country.

      (e) Registered Manufacturing

      Gross value added is estimated as value of output minus the value of inputs, at current prices.  At constant prices, estimates of output and value added are obtained by deflating the respective estimates at current prices by price indices, at 2-digit level industry-groups Thus the estimates of value added for this sector at constant prices are obtained by the method of single deflation.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared at current prices first, and estimates at constant prices are obtained subsequently through single deflation by output price indices.

      Output, inputs and value added.

      Annual Survey of Industries (for final estimates); the Index of Industrial Production for QE; Wholesale Price Indexes for price deflators at 2-digit level industry classification.

      GDP estimates made through direct methods at current prices and through single deflation, at constant prices.

       

      These estimates account for 10.4 % of total GDP of the country and 100 % of sectoral GDP estimates.

       (f) Unregistered Manufacturing

      Gross value added is estimated through indirect method as product of workforce and value added per worker (VAPW), for the benchmark year, at constant prices, at 2-digit level industry-groups.  For the subsequent years, estimates at constant prices are extrapolated with the IIP data at 2-digit level industry groups.  Estimates of GDP at current prices are obtained by inflating the constant price estimates with the price indices, at 2-digit level industry-groups.

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared at constant prices first, and estimates at current prices are obtained subsequently.

      Estimates of work-force, value added per worker and Estimates of GDP

      Second All-India Census of Small Scale Industrial Units, 1987-88 conducted by the Office of the Development Commissioner for Small Scale Industries (DCSSI) for value added per worker (VAPW) of SSI units.

      Survey on unorganised manufacturing sector conducted by the NSSO, 1994-95 for VAPW for benchmark year.

      NSS 1993-94/Population Census, 1991 for Workforce (WF) estimates.

      CSO for the IIP

      Ministry of Industry for the WPI.

      Estimates of GDP are made through indirect methods.  For the current year estimates of GDP at constant prices are made through extrapolating the benchmark data with the IIP data at 2-digit level industry groups.  Estimates at current prices are made by superimposing the constant price data of GDP with the price indices at 2-digit level industry groups.

      These estimates account for 5.5 % of total GDP of the country and 100 % of sectoral GDP estimates.

      The SSI component accounts for 1.6 % of country's GDP and 27.6 % of sector's GDP; the non-SSI component accounts for 4.1 % of country's GDP and 72.4 % of sector's GDP.

      (g) Electricity, Gas and Water supply

      Gross value added at current prices is estimated by the production approach for electricity, whereas for gas and for the water-public part   by the income approach (sum of factor incomes and consumption of fixed capital) and for the water-private part,  as a product of workforce and salaries and wages plus operating surplus from ASI.

      At constant prices, GDP estimates are prepared by moving the benchmark estimates with Index of Quantum Sales of Electricity in the case of electricity sub-sector, with the Index of Number of Bio Gas Plants in the case of gobar gas part, deflating the current price estimates with the Index of Price of Gas for the gas part, deflating the current price estimates with CPI (IW) for the water part.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared separately at current and constant prices for electricity and gobar gas.  For all other sub-sectors, estimates at current prices are prepared first and estimates at constant prices are obtained subsequently.

      Electricity

      Value of output and material inputs.

      Annual reports of State Electricity Boards for output and inputs

      Annual reports of electricity generating private companies for output and inputs.

      Estimates of GDP made by direct methods, through production approach (value of output-material inputs) at current prices.  At constant prices, GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the index of quantum sales of electricity.

      These account for 2.1 % of total GDP of the country and 86.3 % of sector's GDP.

      Gas

      Value of output and material inputs.

      Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy for number of bio gas plants

       

      Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for value of production

       

      Gas Authority of India Ltd. for output and inputs

      Estimates of GDP made by direct methods, through production approach (value of output-material inputs) at current prices.  At constant prices, GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the Index of no. of bio gas plants for the gobar gas part and by deflating with the Index of price of gas for gas part.

      These account for 0.1 % of the total GDP of the country and 4.9 % of sector's GDP.

      The gobar gas part accounts for 0.05 % of country's GDP and 2.1 % of sector's GDP.

      The gas part accounts for 0.07 % of country's GDP and 2.8 % of sector's GDP

      Water

      Data on factor incomes

      Budget documents of Centre and States for data on salaries and wages.

      Data from municipalities for data on salaries and wages

      Annual Survey of Industries for data on operating surplus.

      Estimates of GDP made by direct methods, through income approach (sum of factor incomes and consumption of fixed capital) for the water-public part and as a product of the workforce and salaries and wages plus operating surplus from ASI, for the water-private part, at current prices.  At constant prices, the estimates of GDP are obtained by deflating the current price estimates of GDP by the CPI (IW).

      The water - public part accounts for 0.08 % of country's GDP and 3.3 % of sector's GDP.

      The water-private part accounts for 0.14 % of country's GDP and 5.6 % of sector's GDP.

      (h) Construction

      Gross value added is estimated separately for the Pucca construction part and for the kuchha construction part.  The estimates of the Pucca construction part at current prices are prepared by the commodity flow method taking into account (a) the basic items (i) cement and cement products, (ii) iron and steel, (iii) bricks and tiles, (iv) timber and roundwood; and (b) other materials. 

      The estimates of the kuchha construction part at current prices are prepared by the expenditure method taking into account the expenditures made by public sector, private corporate sector and household sector.

      The estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates by the Index of Wages of Construction Workers

      Value of output of Pucca construction (through commodity flow approach).

      Cement Controller of India, Joint Plant Committee, the Annual Survey of India, estimates of unorganised manufacturing, the National Buildings Organisation, Coal Controller, Central Public Works Department and several ad-hoc sources

      Estimates of GDP made by direct methods.  The value of output of Pucca construction is estimated through commodity flow approach (arriving at the availability for construction from the production figures after accounting for inter-industry consumption, net exports and consumption expenditure) for four basic materials (mentioned above), other materials and factor incomes, at current prices.  The GDP is estimated to be 53.4 % of value of output.  At constant prices, the estimates of GDP are prepared by deflating the current price estimates of GDP by the index of wages of construction workers.

      The Pucca construction part accounts for 4.2 % of country's GDP and 81.6 % of sector's GDP

      Cement and cement products account for 0.8 % of country's GDP and 16.1 % of Sector's GDP

      Iron and steel account for 1.4 % of country's GDP and 27.5 % of Sector's GDP

      Bricks and tiles account for 0.4 % of country's GDP and 6.8 % of Sector's GDP

      Timber and round wood account for 1.3 % of country's GDP and 24.5 % of Sector's GDP

      Other construction materials account for 0.9 % of country's GDP and 18.4 % of Sector's GDP

      Value of output of labour-intensive kutcha construction (through expenditure approach)

      Annual budget documents, annual reports of Tea, Coffee and Rubber Boards, NSSO, and the All-India Debt and Investment Survey

      Estimates of GDP made by direct methods for the public sector part and private corporate sector part, through expenditure approach (expenditures made on kutcha construction), at current prices.  At constant prices, estimates of GDP are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates by the index of rural unskilled labour

       

      For the household kutcha construction part, estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods, using AIDIS data, at current prices. At constant prices, estimates of GDP are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates by the index of rural unskilled labour

       

      The kutcha construction in public sector and private corporate sector accounts for 0.1 % of country's GDP and 2.4 % of sector's GDP

       

      The kutcha construction in household sector accounts for 0.8 % of country's GDP and 16.0 % of sector's GDP

      (i) Trade, Hotels and Restaurants

      Gross value added is estimated separately for the public sectors, private corporate sector and unorganised segment.  For the public and private corporate sector parts, estimates of GDP are prepared separately at current and constant prices.  While the current price estimates of GDP for the public sector are prepared by the analysis of budgets and accounts, those of private corporate sector are prepared from the data given by the RBI's study of finances of sample companies.  At constant prices, GDP estimates of public sector are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the Quantum Index (obtained on the basis of purchase and sales of public sector trading companies), those of private corporate sector are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the Index of Deflated Sales of corporate sector (by WPI of manufactured products and non-food articles).  For the unorganised part, estimates of GDP at current and constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates (value added per worker % work force) with the gross trading income of commodity producing sectors at current and constant prices, respectively.

       

      Public Sector

      Budget documents and annual reports/ accounts of Central and State trading companies.

      The GDP estimates are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared by the analysis of budget documents and annual reports and constant price estimates are prepared by extrapolation with the quantum index of purchases and sales of public sector trading companies

       

      These account for 0.6 % of country's GDP and 4.6 % of sector's GDP

      Private corporate sector, including cooperatives

      Company Finance Studies of RBI, NABARD

      The GDP estimates are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared from the RBI's study and constant price estimates are prepared by extrapolation with the Quantum Index of Purchases and Sales of private corporate sector trading companies.

       

      These account for 0.9 % of country's GDP and 7.0 % of sector's GDP.

      Un-organised

      Enterprise survey, 1996-97 for VAPW for benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates

      The GDP estimates are prepared by indirect methods.  Current and constant price estimates are prepared by extrapolating the base year estimates with Index of Gross Trading Income (prepared on the basis of value of output of commodity producing sectors and imports), at current and constant prices, respectively.

       

      These account for 11.3 % of country's GDP and 88.3 % of sector's GDP.

      (j) Railways

      The GDP estimates are prepared separately for current and constant prices.  While the current price estimates are prepared by the income approach (sum of factor incomes), the constant price estimates are prepared by extrapolating the base year estimates with an index of passenger kilometres and net tonne kilometers.

       

      Value added

      Statistical publications from the Railway Board budget documents of Central Government.

      The GDP estimates are prepared by direct methods. Current price estimates are prepared by the income approach (sum of factor incomes), the constant price estimates are prepared by extrapolating the base year estimates with an index of passenger kilometers and net tonne kilometers.

       

      These account for 1.2 % of country's GDP and 100.0 % of sector's GDP.

      (k) Transport by other means

      Gross value added is estimated separately for the public sectors, private corporate sector and unorganised segment.  For the public and private corporate sector parts, estimates of GDP are prepared separately at current and constant prices.  While the current price estimates of GDP for the public sector are prepared by the analysis of budget documents and annual reports, those of private corporate sector are prepared through production approach from the data given in the annual reports.  At constant prices, GDP estimates of public and private corporate sector are prepared by moving the base year estimates with various quantum indices (details given under sub-sectors, below).  For the unorganised part, estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared first by moving the base year estimates (value added per worker % work force) with various quantum indices (details given under sub-sectors, below) and the current price estimates of GDP are prepared by superimposing the price indices on the constant price GDP estimates

      Mechanised Road Transport

      -Public Sector

       

       

       

       

       

      Analysis of Union and State  Budgets

      Analysis of Annual reports/ Accounts of State Road Transport Undertakings.

       

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared by analysis of budget documents and annual reports and constant price estimates by extrapolating the base year estimates with Quantum Index of Passenger Kilometres

      These account for 0.5 % of GDP of the country and 12.0 % of sector's GDP.

      Mechanised Road Transport

      -Private unorganised part

      Enterprise surveys 1993-94 for VAPW for benchmark year.

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates, Ministry of Surface Transport for category-wise number of registered vehicles.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Constant price estimates are prepared first by extrapolating the base year estimates with Index Number of Registered Vehicles.  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by inflating the constant price GDP estimates by CPI (UNME) of transport and communication. 

       

      These account 2.0 % of GDP of the country and 50.9 % of sector's GDP.

      Non-Mechanised Road Transport

       

      Enterprise survey, 1993-94 for VAPW for benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates; indexes of agriculture and industrial production and CPI (IW).

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods. Constant price estimates are prepared first by extrapolating the base year estimates with Combined Index of Agriculture and Industrial production.  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by inflating the constant price GDP estimates by CPI (IW). 

      These account for 0.3 % of GDP of the country and 8.2 % of sector's GDP.

      Air Transport

      -Public part

      Budget documents and annual reports

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared by analysis of budget documents and annual reports and constant price estimates by extrapolating the base year estimates with Quantum Index of Revenue Passenger kilometers, cargo tonne kilometers and mail tonne kilometers

      These account for 0.2 % of GDP of the country and 5.4 % of sector's GDP

      Air Transport

      -Private part

      Analysis of accounts of scheduled  air operators, Private air operators, Flying and Gliding clubs

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared by analysis of annual reports and constant price estimates are arrived at deflating the current price GDP estimates by CPI(UNME) (single deflation)

      These account for 0.001 % of GDP of the country and 0.02 % of sector's GDP

      Water transport

      - Public sector

       

      Budget documents and

      Annual reports

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared by analysis of budget documents and annual reports and constant price estimates by extrapolating the base year estimates with Quantum Index of Cargo Handled and Passengers Carried by the shipping companies.

      These account for 0.2 % of GDP of the country and 6.2 % of sector's GDP

      Water transport

      - Private organised part

      Annual reports of companies, for value of output and inputs

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Current price estimates are prepared by analysis of annual reports and constant price estimates by deflating current price estimates with CPI(IW) (single deflation)

      These account for 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 2.7 % of sector's GDP.

      Water transport

      Ocean and coastal - private unorganised part

      Enterprise survey, 1993-94 for VAPW for benchmark year

       

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates

       

      Ministry of Surface Transport for data on cargo handled by steamer and sailing vessels.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Constant price estimates are prepared first by extrapolating the base year estimates with index of cargo handled by steamer and sailing vessels (coastal).  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by inflating the constant price GDP estimates by CPI (IW). 

       

      These account 0.04 % of GDP of the country and 1.0 % of sector's GDP.

      Inland water transport - Private unorganised part

       

      Enterprise survey, 1993-94 for VAPW for benchmark year

       

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates

       

      Directorate of Economic and Statistics Ministry of Agriculture (DESMOA) Ministry of Industry for Index of agricultural Production (IAP) and IIP.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Constant price estimates are prepared first by extrapolating the base year estimates with a combined index of agriculture and industrial production.  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by inflating the constant price GDP estimates by CPI(IW)

       

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 2.7 % of sector's GDP

      Supporting services to water transport

      Enterprise survey, 1993-94 for benchmark year, NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates

       

      Ministry of Surface Transport for cargo handled at major ports

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Constant price estimates are prepared by extrapolating the base year estimates with index of cargo handled at major ports.  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by extrapolating the base year estimates with the growth rates observed in the public sector

      These account 0.32 % of GDP of the country and 4.1 % of sector's GDP

      Services incidental to transport

      Railway Board for commission data

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods. Current price GDP estimates are obtained as 68.75% of the total commission paid to the booking agents by the railways, road, air and water transport.   Constant price estimates are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates with the Implicit Price Index of road air and water sub-sectors (single deflation).

       

      These account 0.3 % of GDP of the country and 6.8 % of sector's GDP.

      (l) Storage

      Estimates of GDP are prepared separately for warehousing corporations, cold storage and storage, n.e.c.

      For the warehousing corporations, estimates at current prices are prepared by analysis of annual reports.  Estimates at constant prices are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates by a price index based on the changes in warehousing charges.

      For the cold storage part, estimates at current prices are prepared from the ASI results.  Estimates at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with index of agriculture production

      For the storage, n.e.c. estimates at constant prices are prepared first by extrapolating the base year estimates with inter-survey growth in work force.  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates with CPI(UNME)

      Warehousing

      Accounts of Central and State Warehousing Corporations

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by analysis of annual reports.  Estimates at constant prices are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates by a price index based on the changes in warehousing charges

       

      These account 0.02 % of GDP of the country and 29.3 % of sector's GDP

      Cold Storage

      Annual Survey of Industries

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from the ASI results.  Estimates at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the index of agriculture production

       

      These account 0.01 % of GDP of the country and 15.5 % of sector's GDP

      Storage n.e.c.

       

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates and enterprise surveys, 1992-93 for VAPW for benchmark year, and  CPI (UNME)

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates at constant prices are prepared first by extrapolating the base year estimates with inter-survey growth in work force.  Current price GDP estimates are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates with CPI (UNME)

      These account 0.04 % of GDP of the country and 55.1 % of sector's GDP

      (m) Communication

      Estimates of GDP are prepared separately for public and private segments.  For the public part, estimates at current prices are prepared by analysis of budget documents and at constant prices by extrapolating the base year estimates with a combined weighted index of number of money orders, number of telegrams, number of telephones and number of postal articles, with respective earnings in the base year as weights

      For the private segment, estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI(UNME)

      Communication

      - public sector

      Budget  documents 

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by analysis of budget documents and at constant prices by extrapolating the base year estimates with a combined weighted index of number of money orders, number of telegrams, number of telephones and number of postal articles, with respective earnings in the base year as weights

       

      These account 1.1 % of GDP of the country and 93.0 % of sector's GDP.

      Communication Services

      - Private sector

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 benchmark year for VAPW, NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

       

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 7.0 % of sector's GDP.

      (n) Banking and Insurance

      Estimates of GDP are prepared separately for commercial banks, banking Department of RBI, non-banking financial institutions, Post Office Savings Bank, Employees Provident Fund Organisation and Postal Life Insurance, cooperative credit societies and life and non-life insurance. Estimates of GDP at current prices are prepared from direct data

      At constant prices, estimates for commercial banks, banking Department of RBI, non-banking financial institutions, cooperative credit societies and life and non-life insurance segments are prepared by moving the base year estimates with suitable indices (details given below), those for post office savings bank, employees provident fund organisation and postal life insurance are prepared by deflating current price GDP estimates by CPI(IW).

      Commercial banks

      RBI for group-wise data on earnings and expenses of banks

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from directly available data. At constant price, the GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates by the index of deflated aggregates deposits and credits (deflated by the WPI).

      These account 1.8 % of GDP of the country and 34.3 % of sector's GDP

      Banking department of RBI

      RBI for data on income and expenditure

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from directly available data.  At constant price, the GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates by the index of deflated aggregates deposits and credits (deflated by the WPI)

      These account 0.4 % of GDP of the country and 6.9 % of sector's GDP

      Non-banking Financial institutions - organised part

      Annual reports of Non-departmental Non-banking financial companies and corporations containing their annual accounts,

      Annual Accounts of private financial companies (ICICI and HDFC), RBI Bulletin.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Direct data on non-departmental financial companies and corporations, ICICI and HDFC

      For private non-banking financial companies the data on income and expenditure for a set of sample companies published in RBI bulletin is blown up with the total paid up capital of non-government, non- banking financial companies (excluding ICICI and HDFC)

      These account 1.6 % of GDP of the country and 31.1 % of sector's GDP

      Non-banking financial institutions

      - unorganised  part

       

      For the unorganised financial sector, the GDP=one third of GDP estimates in the organised sector (Non- Banking Financial Companies)

      These account 0.5% of GDP of the country and 9.3 % of sector's GDP

      Post Office savings bank (POSB), Employees provident fund organisation (EPFO) and postal life insurance

      Budget Documents

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from directly available data.  At constant price, the GDP estimates are prepared by deflating the current price GDP estimates by CPI(IW)

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.1 % of sector's GDP

      Co-operative credit societies

      NABARD for income and expenditure

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from directly available data.  At constant price, the GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates by the average of Index of Deflated Aggregates Deposits and Index of Membership

       

      These account 0.2 % of GDP of the country and 4.3 % of sector's GDP

      Life insurance

      Annual reports of LIC for economic classification

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from directly available data.  At constant price, the GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates by the average of deflated indices of life fund and sum assured

       

      These account 0.3 % of GDP of the country and 5.8 % of sector's GDP

      Non-life insurance

      Annual reports of Insurance Companies for economic classification

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods.  Estimates at current prices are prepared from directly available data.  At constant price, the GDP estimates are prepared by moving the base year estimates by the deflated index 'Gross premium less claims', for non-life insurance other than ESIC.  For ESCI, the current price estimates are deflated with the WPI.

       

      These account 0.4 % of GDP of the country and 7.1 % of sector's GDP.

      (o) Real estate, ownership of dwellings and business services

      Estimates are separately prepared for real estate, ownership of dwellings, legal services and business services.

       

      For the real estate, GDP estimates at constant prices are prepared first by using inter-survey growth in workforce and current prices subsequently by inflating the constant price GDP estimates with CPI (UNME).

      For the ownership of  dwellings, GDP estimates at constant prices are prepared first by using inter-censal growth in residential houses and current prices, subsequently, by inflating the constant price GDP estimates with index of house rent.

       

      For the legal services, GDP estimates at constant prices are prepared first by using inter-survey growth in workforce (bar council based) and current prices subsequently by inflating the constant price GDP estimates with CPI (UNME).

       

      For the business services (other than software development) GDP estimates at constant prices are prepared first and current prices subsequently by inflating the constant price GDP estimates with CPI (UNME) and for software services, current price estimates are first and constant price by deflating by CPI (UNME).

       

      Real estate

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates.

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI(UNME)

       

      These account 0.04 % of GDP of the country and 0.7 % of sector's GDP

       Ownership of dwellings

      1991 Census for residential houses

       

      NSS 50th round, 1993-94 for rent per household.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-censal growth in dwellings.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by index of house rent

       

      These account for 5.4 % of GDP of the country and 89.4 % of sector's GDP

       Legal services

      Bar Council of India for WF data, from the

      Enterprise Survey, 1991-92 for Gross VAPW for benchmark year

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI(UNME)

       

      These account 0.2 % of GDP of the country and 3.3 % of sector's GDP

       

      Business services

      accounting, and other items under

      NIC 891

      architectural and engineering

      NIC 894

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates.

      Budget documents for VAPW as proxy

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce

       

        Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI(UNME)

       

      These account for 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.9 % of sector's GDP.

       Software development     

      NIC 892

      NASSCOM for output

      Annual reports/ accounts of software companies for GVA to GVO ratio

      CSO for CPI (UNME).

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at current prices are prepared by using the NASSCOM data on value of output.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by deflating the current price estimates by CPI (UNME).

       

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 2.1 % of sector's GDP.

      Business consultancy

      NIC 893

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates

      RITES for VAPW

       

       

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.1 % of sector's GDP.

      Other business services

      (NIC 895-899)

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW for benchmark year.

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1991 for WF estimates.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.6 % of sector's GDP.

      (p) Public Administration and Defence

      Estimates of GDP are prepared at current prices first through income approach (compensation of employees is taken as the net domestic product) and constant price GDP estimates are prepared next through single deflation.

      Value added

      Budget documents of Centre, State and local bodies and CPI (IW).

      For quasi-Government bodies, the NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for workforce and DGE&T for the organised sector's workforce.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by direct methods through income approach (only compensation of employees).  Estimates at constant prices are made by single deflation by CPI (IW).

       

      These account for 5.4 % of country's GDP and 100 % of sector's GDP.

      (q) Other Services

      Estimates of GDP are prepared separately for the public part, private organised part and private unorganised part.  For the public part, estimates of GDP are prepared through income approach at current prices first and through single deflation at constant prices next.  For the private organised and unorganised parts, estimates are prepared at constant prices first and through inflation the current prices next, except in the case of research and scientific services (organised) for which estimates of GDP at current prices is prepared first, and through single deflation constant price GDP estimates next.

      Education, medical, sanitary, and TV and radio -Public sector

      Budget documents for salaries and wages.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared through direct methods, through income approach at current prices first and by single deflation for constant price GDP estimates, next.

      These account for 2.4 % of country's GDP and 37.9 % of sector's GDP.

      Education

      -Private recognised

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates

      M/O HRD for salaries and wages.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (IW).

      These account 1.2 % of GDP of the country and 19.6 % of sector's GDP.

      Education

      -Private un-recognised

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.3 % of sector's GDP.

      Medical and health

      -Private Organised

      DGE&T (2-3 years time lag and available at 3-digit NIC) for WF

      VAPW of public services under medical and health.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by an Index on VAPW services under medical and health.

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.2 % of sector's GDP.

      Medical and health

      -Private unorganised

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates.

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.4 % of GDP of the country and 5.9 % of sector's GDP.

      Sanitary services

      -Private sector

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates

      Municipalities reports for VAPW.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by an Index on VAPW of municipalities.

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.2 % of sector's GDP.

      TV and radio

      -Private sector

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates / DGE&T for WF estimates.

      Public administrative & defence sector's VAPW.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.003 % of GDP of the country and 0.05 % of sector's GDP.

      Research and scientific services

       -Organised

      DGE&T publication (2-3 years time lag, data available at 3 digit-NIC) for WF

      Annual reports/ Accounts of research Institutes for VAPW.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at current prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce and VAPW from the annual reports of research institutes.  Estimates at constant prices are prepared by deflating the current price estimates by CPI (IW).

      These account 0.2 % of GDP of the country and 3.3 % of sector's GDP.

      Research and scientific Services

      -Unorganised

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

       

      These account 0.04 % of GDP of the country and 0.6 % of sector's GDP.

      Religious and other community services

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.6 % of sector's GDP.

      Recreation and entertainment

      Ministry of Finance for taxes and tax rates

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for GVA / GVO ratio

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared on the basis of tax rates and taxes collected.

      These account 0.1 % of GDP of the country and 1.1 % of sector's GDP.

      Personal services

      domestic

      barber and beauty shops

      laundry, dyeing

      others

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.6 % of GDP of the country and 9.2 % of sector's GDP.

      Tailoring services

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates

      NSS unorganised manufacturing sector survey for VAPW benchmark year.

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by VAPW of manufacture of ready-made garments.

      These account 0.5 % of GDP of the country and 7.3 % of sector's GDP.

      Services/ activities, n.e.c.

      Enterprise survey, 1991-92 for VAPW benchmark year

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by inflating the constant price estimates by CPI (UNME).

      These account 0.4 % of GDP of the country and 6.6 % of sector's GDP.

      International and other extra-territorial bodies

       

      NSS, 1993-94 / Population Census, 1980-81 for WF estimates; VAPW from budget documents as proxy

       

      Estimates of GDP are prepared by indirect methods.  Estimates of GDP at constant prices are prepared by moving the base year estimates with the inter-survey growth in workforce.  Estimates at current prices are prepared by multiplying the workforce with three times the VAPW of public administration and defence.

      These account 0.2 % of GDP of the country and 3.4 % of sector's GDP.

  • Data Gaps in the estimates of GDP by industry
    • Agriculture
      • 13.3.38 Major data gaps in the agriculture sector relate to yield estimates of crops other than the principal crops. In the case of minor crops, yield estimates are available only after a considerable time lag, from State DESs and are also not generally based on scientific methods. Although some States have initiated a Scheme for "Crop Estimation Surveys on Fruits and Vegetables and Minor Crops", to estimate yield rates of fruits and vegetables as well as minor crops, the scheme does not have an All-India coverage. In the case of grass and fodder, estimates are based on very old yield rates, relating to 1952‑53. The estimate of area under grass is also based on very old norms and is based on LUS. The other data gaps relate to the production of new-emerging commercial crops like mushrooms, flowers and other high-valued herbs and spices, which are not grown in the areas presently covered under the patwari system. Also missing from the production estimates, is the output of crops grown on the roadside, adjacent to railway tracks and community lands, which are not covered under the patwari system?
      • 13.3.39 Regarding area estimates of major crops, it has been observed from the results of the Scheme on Improvement of Crop Statistics (ICS), (physical verification of crop enumeration and checking of crop abstract statements in 10,000 villages, as far as area is concerned and inspection of about 30,000 crop-cutting experiments as far as yield estimates are concerned out of a total of 5,00,000 experiments) that there is some under-enumeration of area under these crops. It is possible that there is over-reporting of ‘other area’ as a consequence of this, since the total area under all crops remains the same. Due to the present size of the sample being small, it has so far not been possible to apply any correction factors to the area (and yield) estimates released by the State Agricultural Statistics Authorities (SASAs) or the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture (DESMOA). The scheme of ICS has been discussed in detail in the Section 4.3 of Chapter 4 on Agriculture Statistics.
      • 13.3.40 In some of the States (Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir), girdwari is undertaken only twice a year. It is likely that the production of crops sown and harvested between two girdwaris is missed in the data of these States. It is suggested that a uniform procedure could be recommended for undertaking girdwari four times a year in all the States, as is the practice now in the States of Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Tamilnadu and West Bengal.
      • 13.3.41 In the recent years, a trend of increasing food-grain stocks has been observed, even when the total production is showing a decline. Part of this could be due to under-reporting of area figures as revealed by the ICS findings. However, since stocks are a function of procurement price, issue price and market price, it is possible that there need not be under-estimation. It is suggested that the DESMOA may undertake food-balance studies, every year at least for important crops. This would provide a consistency check to the estimates of agriculture production.
      • 13.3.42 In respect of prices, ideally, these should relate to the first point of transaction, at which income accrues to the producer. Unfortunately, such data is not available and estimates are usually based on prices prevailing in the primary marketing Centres during the peak marketing period. In order to estimate the value of agricultural crop output at factor cost, it is necessary to evaluate transaction at different points of the year, at first point of transaction price after production. In the absence of data on such prices the district level output, evaluated as the average price in the district, is treated as transacted at the average price prevailing in different primary marketing Centres during the peak marketing period in a district. The Price data (average annual prices for different crops) collected and supplied by the States for the compilation of National Accounts refers to the prices prevailing during the peak marketing period in the primary marketing Centres. Section 4.10 of Chapter 4 on Agriculture Statistics discusses agriculture Prices in detail. Sometimes, it is observed that these prices reported by the States are under-stated, as devolution of Central funds, to some extent, depends on the estimated per capita State income. It is necessary that such price data is provided by the DESMOA, which would then be free from bias or alternatively the devolution of funds may be de-linked from the per-capita income of the States. See Section 4.10 of Chapter 4 on Agricultural Statistics.
      • 13.3.43 In the case of material inputs, the seed rates of crops other than those for which CCS is being conducted, relates to NSS 1951‑52 and various marketing reports of DMI. Even the CCS is not conducted in all the States and norms of neighbouring States are applied to the States where CCS is not being done. This is a major data gap as different States have different farm and soil conditions. In the case of chemical fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides, instead of consumption figures, estimates are being prepared using dispatch figures, because the consumption figures from the CCS relate only to major crops/States. For a detail discussion on CCS reference may be made to Section 4.12 of Chapter 4 on Agriculture Statistics. The estimates are very weak as far as feed of livestock is concerned. The benchmark estimates of production of fodder and grass are based on the NSS, 1955‑56 survey. The estimates of yield rates of stalks and straws other than those available from Crop Cutting Surveys are based on the NSS 1951‑52. The estimates of quantity and percentage of different components of concentrates consumed per cattle are based on NSS 1975‑76 survey and studies conducted by IASRI. The item-wise consumption of roughage and concentrates consumed by different categories of livestock are not available. This is essential both for the construction of the input‑output transaction table as well as reliable estimates of livestock feed. Such data separately for rural and urban areas will help in evaluating the value of output of animals used in sectors other than agriculture and livestock. Data on operational costs and repair and maintenance is very weak. Estimates of repair and maintenance are based on rough norms based on AIDIS conducted once in ten years. The annual estimates are, therefore, very weak due to the absence of annual indicators. Based on the limited data available on the operational costs of livestock products, it is assumed to be 0.25 per cent of value of output. Data on market charges of livestock products is also not available.
      • 13.3.44 For estimating the contribution of different factors in the generation of income namely, land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship (which respectively generate rent, including imputed rent on account of owned land, compensation of employees, including that of family labour, interest and profits), data required in detail on these are not available. Although, data is available from CCS with a considerable time lag, no such details are available as far as the livestock sector is concerned. The DAHD's surveys on cost of inputs and the ISS both collect data on these aspects, but unfortunately, the same are not being tabulated. In order to implement the 1993 SNA, which, inter alia, recommends preparation of the sequence of accounts for various institutional sectors, data in detail is required on factor incomes cross‑classified by type of institutions, particularly for the agricultural households. For compiling the agricultural satellite accounts (as recommended by the FAO), the focus is on the agricultural households (households engaged predominantly in agricultural operations). Data on income-expenditure from agricultural activities, as well as from other subsidiary activities, capital assets and capital expenditures need to be collected from the agricultural households for compiling these satellite accounts. Presently, there is no survey/Census, which focuses on agricultural households. Whereas the Agriculture Census has operational holding as the unit, the Livestock Census is household based. It is suggested that these two Censuses could be combined, with a view to also include the requirements of FAO on the compilation of satellite accounts for agricultural households. Such an integrated Census would enable us to meet all the requirements of FAO with reference to agriculture, livestock and income-expenditure. It is possible to capture operational holding data through the household approach.
      • 13.3.45 Quarterly estimates of agricultural production required for the preparation of quarterly GDP estimates, are presently based on a crop-calendar and not on actual production, as required. This is unsatisfactory, as crop calendars do not follow a quarterly system. This needs to be corrected. For compiling the environmental accounts information relating to the imputed cost for degradation and depletion on the non-produced natural assets like soil and water and other assets are not available, but required to be generated. Initially, this may require extensive research work to be initiated at a place like Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) with the cooperation of the agricultural universities.
    • Livestock
      • 13.3.46 Reliable estimates of livestock production are available for three major products namely, milk, eggs and wool, although the time lag of these estimates is of the order of two years. However, estimates of milk from animals other than cows, buffaloes and goats are not available and thus, not included in the GDP estimates. Similarly, the utilisation rates of milk in fluid form or after being converted into desi ghee, butter, khoa, cream, and similar other items, within the households, are not available. In the absence of this data, estimates of value of output of milk are being prepared as if milk is consumed as such. In the case of meat, estimates of yield are not generally based on any scientific techniques, although some States are generating the estimates using the Integrated Sample Survey results. Besides, reliable estimates of the number of animals slaughtered in places other than the slaughterhouses like unorganised slaughterhouses and religious slaughters are not available. The estimates of yield rates of meat products and by‑products are based on very old norms derived from the DMI studies. In addition, there is no data on the number of fallen animals and these are estimated using DMI 1961 studies on the subject. In the case of poultry meat, the estimated number of fowls, ducks killed and average meat yields per bird are not available. These are based on some very rough norms and studies conducted by the IASRI. The estimates of hair and bristles suffer due to lack of scientific studies on the yield of these items. The present estimates are based on DMI 1958, 1961 and 1962 studies. The evacuation rates of animals in terms of dung and its utilisation as manure and for fuel purposes too are based on a limited study conducted by a few States and co-ordinate by the Department of AHD in 1984‑85. However, some of the States are able to generate presently the evacuation rates of dung from Integrated Sample Survey results. In the case of estimates of increment in livestock, the estimates are based on successive Indian Livestock Censuses (ILC's) and using extrapolation techniques. The ILC is unfortunately not conducted at the same time by all the States. Besides, if the reference period happens to coincide with a drought year, as happened in the case of 1987, the estimates for the subsequent years based on extrapolation would totally go awry. This technique also does not take into account the present conditions, like death of animals due to natural calamities. Therefore, there is a data gap to the extent that there are no reliable estimates of livestock population on an annual basis, due to lack of annual data on the number of deaths of different categories of animals. However, with additional tabulations, the data collected in the Integrated Sample Survey could be used to generate the annual livestock population numbers. For details Section 4.13 of Chapter 4 on Agriculture Statistics may be referred.
    • Forestry
      • 13.3.47 The sources of data for the forestry sector are mainly the State forest Departments on production of major and minor forest products, NSS consumer expenditure surveys for consumption of fuelwood and State DESs for prices. The data gaps are mainly on account of non-availability of species-wise production and prices, incomplete measure of reporting of production, non-availability of data on production and prices of most of the minor forest products, lack of adequate data on prices, time-lag and non-availability of data relating to material inputs of the forestry sector. Due to non-availability of information on material inputs, these are estimated to be 10 per cent of the total value of output. Detailed data on factor incomes is also not available. For details, Section 4.17 of Chapter 4 on Agriculture Statistics may be referred.
    • Fishing
      • 13.3.48 The data gaps in the case of the fishing sector relate to estimates of production of inland fish, subsistence fish, dried and salted fish, gathering of pearls, chunks, sea-shells, etc. and on material inputs. In the absence of data on material inputs, 22.5 per cent of output in the case of marine fish and 10 per cent of output in the case of inland fish is taken as material inputs. For details, Section 4.16 of Chapter 4 on Agriculture Statistics may be referred.
    • Mining
      • 13.3.49 The position of data availability with respect to major minerals, both in the public and private sector, is sound. The source agencies for the data on major minerals are the respective Public Sector companies, Office of the Coal Controller and the IBM. As far as minor minerals are concerned, statistics are compiled by the State Geological Departments, but the coverage, timeliness and quality of these statistics are not considered to be as reliable as that of major minerals. Data on material inputs, particularly in the case of minor minerals, is generally not available on a year-to year basis. The contribution of these minor minerals is, however, quite small.
    • Manufacturing-registered
      • 13.3.50 The details required and presently available from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for the compilation of GDP from the registered manufacturing are (a) ex‑factory value of all products and by‑products including semi‑finished goods manufactured, (b) receipts for industrial and non‑industrial services rendered to others, (c) value of fixed assets produced by the factory for its use, and (d) net balance of goods sold in the same condition as purchased. For inputs, data pertain to: (a) raw‑materials, components, chemicals, packing materials and stores actually used for the production process, (b) fuel, lubricants, electricity, water and similar other inputs (c) costs of non‑industrial services received, (d) cost of material consumed for repairs and maintenance of fixed assets including cost of work done by others to the fixed assets, (e) cost of contract and commission work done by others on materials supplied by the factories, and (f) cost of office supplies. However, for the compilation of NAS, information available from the ASI has to be updated keeping in view the non-response factor. The summary results mentioned above provide supplementary information regarding the number of both units and the number of workers. In the estimates of GDP, industry‑wise estimates of output and GVA published in the ASI are adjusted upward by the ratio of employment in the non‑responding factories to the total employment in the responding factories of the census sector. The information on non-responding units can be said to be an area of data gap for the registered manufacturing sector as it is not known whether the non-responding units were functioning normally or were closed.
    • Manufacturing – unregistered
      • 13.3.51 The estimates for the unregistered sector are prepared initially for a benchmark year using the results of the NSS on unorganised manufacturing sector. The estimates for subsequent years are made by extrapolating the benchmark estimates with the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) at the 2-digit level.
      • 13.3.52 The data gaps in this case relate both to the benchmark estimates and the current year’s estimates. In the case of benchmark estimates, it is observed that the share of unorganised manufacturing in total manufacturing has been declining steadily over the years. Whether this is due to under reporting by the respondents in the case of NSS unorganised manufacturing survey or whether a decline of the unorganised manufacturing sector has occurred, needs further examination.
      • Table 13. 8: Gross Domestic Product of Manufacturing Sector (at Current Prices)

        Item

        1980-81

        (1980-81  series)

        1993-94

        (1980-81 series)

        1993-94

        (1993-94  series)

         Manufacturing  (registered sector)

        12281

        81229

        81873

         Manufacturing  (unregistered sector)

        9363

        46417

        43620

        Total manufacturing sector

        21,644

        1,27,646

        1,25,493

        Contribution in total manufacturing sector

         

         

         

         Manufacturing  registered sector

        56.7

        63.6

        65.2

         Manufacturing  unregistered sector

        43.3

        36.4

        34.8

      • 13.3.53 The physical indicators used for extrapolating the benchmark estimates are the IIP data at the 2-digit level, (in the absence of annual surveys on the unorganised manufacturing sector) and all the weaknesses in the IIP get indirectly reflected in the estimates of unorganised manufacturing sector’s GDP estimates. Further, the IIP at best represents movements mainly in the organised manufacturing sector.
    • Electricity, Gas and Water Supply
      • 13.3.54 The bulk of these economic activities are in the public sector and as such, the data gaps in this sector are not serious. The gaps here relate to lack of detailed information on gobar gas production and private water supply units.
    • Construction
      • 13.3.55 The various norms used in the estimation of output and material inputs on construction are old and need review. These norms/proportions are not based on satisfactory data. It is desirable that different types of construction are classified into homogenous groups and that the proportions of other materials and value added to materials for each group is worked out on a more satisfactory basis by making proper studies by the concerned Organisations/Departments.
    • Trade, Hotels and Restaurants
      • 13.3.56 The estimates of public sector are based on current data and can be considered as reliable. For the private organised part, estimates are prepared on the basis of employment data from the DGE&T and income data from the RBI’s Company Finance Studies. For the unorganised part of the activity, the bench mark estimates are based on data available from Enterprise Surveys. The Enterprise Surveys are not co-terminus with the benchmark year. Also the estimates of per worker value added derived from the Enterprise Surveys, particularly in the case of trading activities, are unreliable particularly for non-directory trading establishments and Own-account trading enterprises. The Enterprise Survey results have shown a very low per worker value added in many cases in the three rounds of Surveys held so far. An alternative approach for capturing the contribution of these sectors has been tried in a special survey conducted by the NSSO during 1998-99, by asking direct questions on factor incomes. However, the results of the special survey have not shown improvement. An experimentation in survey methods of estimation is needed in enterprise surveys covering trading activity.
    • Transport, Storage and Communication
      • 13.3.57 The estimates of value added from railways and communication are based on up-to-date and reliable information. The quality of the estimates of the unorganised sector depends on the quality of data captured by the Enterprise Surveys conducted to capture the information on the unorganised segments of the activities of transport other than railways, storage and communication.
    • Banking and Insurance
      • 13.3.58 In the absence of any direct data for measuring the volume of activity of the unorganised non‑banking financial undertakings and own‑account moneylenders, the GVA for this sub-sector is presently estimated as one third of the GVA in respect of organised non-banking financial companies/corporations in public and private sectors.
    • Services
      • 13.3.59 For services, such as, education, research and scientific, medical and health, sanitary, religious community, legal, recreation and entertainment, and personnel services the data gaps present are similar to those mentioned for the services n.e.c. In case of educational services, the requisite information is available for recognised institutions from the Ministry of Education and University Grants Commission. For unrecognised educational institutions an assumed proportion of the GVA from the recognised institutions was considered in the past for National accounting. The Enterprise Surveys, 1991-92, have provided information on the unrecognised educational institutions, but the quality of the data captured from the Enterprise Surveys has a limitation. The income of private tutors is not captured adequately by the survey. For medical and health services, information on the public sector component is available from the budget documents. For the unorganised segments of various services, the data required relates to the work force, per worker value added for the base year and physical indicators for the movement to other years. The information on per worker value added is available from the Enterprise Surveys conducted for the purpose.
      • 13.3.60 Till regular annual surveys are undertaken to estimate the work force engaged in individual services and the value added per worker, estimates in this sector will continue to be based only on the quinquennial data on employment by NSSO and the population census data and other limited information on value added per worker obtained from the Enterprise Surveys, whose quality has been unsatisfactory.
  • Rates and Ratios used in the estimation of GDP by industry
    • 13.3.61 In the compilation of GDP estimates, a large number of rates and ratios are used. Estimates of GDP based on such rates and ratios account for about 10 per cent of the GDP estimates. The rates and ratios used in the GDP estimates are conveniently summarised below:
      • Agriculture
        • 13.3.62 There are certain crops for which production estimates are available but not prices. In such cases, their prices are related to other crops for which they are known and are used for estimating the value of output. These rates are updated in consultation with the State DESs at the time of revising the base year. These rates are as follows:
          • Small Millets: 75 per cent of the weighted average price of jowar, bajra, barley, maize and ragi.
          • Other Pulses: 85 per cent of weighted average price of arhar, urad, moong, masoor, and horsegram.
        • 13.3.63There are certain miscellaneous crops for which area is known but not production. For estimating the value of output of such crops, per hectare value of output is derived by assuming certain rates as follows:
          • Other oil seeds: 85 per cent of weighted average value of output per hectare of linseed, castor, sesamum, niger and safflower;
          • Other Sugar: 90 per cent of weighted average value of output per hectare of sugar cane and gur;
          • Other Fibres: 90 per cent of weighted average value of output per hectare of sanhemp and mesta;
          • Other drugs and narcotics: 90 per cent of weighted average value of output per hectare of opium in case of M.P., Rajasthan, and U.P. For remaining States 90 per cent of weighted average value per hectare of tobacco leaves and tobacco stems;
          • Other condiments and spices: 90 per cent of weighted average value of output per hectare of cardamom, dry chillies, dry ginger, and black pepper;
          • Other fruits and vegetables: weighted average value of output per hectare of banana, mango, citrus fruits, cashew nut, potato, sweet potato, tapioca and onion.
        • 13.3.64 Rates are also used for production for estimating the value of output, in the following cases :
          • Tea: 22.5 per cent of raw tealeaves is taken to be the processed tea (Based on information provided by Tea Board);
          • Fodder: 7.0 Tonne/hectare for Karnataka and Rajasthan, 2.82 Tonne/hectare for Maharashtra, 9.342 Tonne/hectare for other States (based on NSS 1952-53, where estimated area is available);
          • Grass: State-wise yield rates % area under grass (4% area under Permanent pastures and other grazing lands + area under Miscellaneous tree crops + 2 % area under cultivable waste and + 2 % area under fallow land + net area sown (based on NSS 1952-53);
          • Gur: 10 per cent of cane remaining (Total cane minus cane used for seeds, chewing, khandsari and by sugar factories) (based on information provided by Directorate of Sugar, Ministry of Agriculture);
          • Baggase: 22.5 per cent of gur production (based on information provided by Directorate of Sugar, Ministry of Agriculture)
      • Livestock
        • 13.3.65 Rates used for production for estimating the value of output of, the livestock products for which only population estimates are known:
          • Goat hair, camel hair and pig bristles: Yield estimates range from 0.01 kg. Per animal to 1.1 kg per animal (based on DMI, 1958-59 studies. Recently, the State Governments have started supplying this information from the Integrated Sample Survey.
          • Meat by-products and meat products Like heads and legs, fats, blood, horns, Useless meat, tail stumps, esophagus, glands fallen animals: Yield rates vary from State to State (based on DMI, 1957 and 1961); mortality rates % population in the specific category (based on DMI, 1961).
      • Inputs of Agriculture and Livestock
        • 13.3.66 Rates used for estimating the input of seeds of certain crops for which value of output is known (based on DMI, 1958):
          • Masoor: 11.3 per cent of value of output of the crop;
          • Other Pulses (including horse-gram): 3.95 per cent of value of output of the crops;
          • Other oilseeds (including Niger, Safflower, Sunflower and Soyabean): 9.53 per cent of value of output of the crops;
          • Sweet potato: 12.l per cent of value of output of the crop.
        • 13.3.67 Rates are used for estimating the input of concentrates fed to the livestock. The rates are based on NSS 1975-76 survey report and use the formula:
          • Input of livestock concentrate = (feed per animal in quantity) % (number of animals).
      • Fishing
        • 13.3.68 Rates used for estimating the repairs and maintenance and other operational costs (i.e. the total value of inputs) of fishing sector are:
          • 22.5 per cent of the total value of the marine fish and prawns;
          • 10 per cent of the total value of the inland fish;
          • 1 per cent of the total value of the subsistence fish and dried and salted fish (based on the information provided by the States at the time of revision of base year to 1993-94).
      • Forestry
        • 13.3.69 Rates used for estimating the value of output of unrecorded industrial wood (based on Timber Trends Study, 1957-58) are 10 per cent of the value of output of recorded production of industrial wood.
        • 13.3.70 Rates used for estimating the value of inputs of forestry sector are taken as 10 per cent of the value of output (based on the analysis of budget documents of forest departments carried out by the States from time to time).
      • Banking and Insurance
        • 13.3.71 Rates used for estimating the value added from unorganized non-banking financial sector are assumed to be 1/3rd of the value added by the Government and private non-banking financial companies.
        • 13.3.72 Recommendations on Gross Domestic Product
          • Recommendations in chapter 4 to 12 in respect of Official Statistics relating to different sectors of the economy be implemented speedily so as to improve the quality of data going in to the compilation of National Accounts Statistics from primary source agencies.
          • The major weakness lies in estimating the contribution of the large number of unorganised and small self-employed enterprises in manufacturing and services, where the basic problems are those of irregular income streams, multiple activities undertaken during a year, absence of business accounts, and frequent entries and exits of units. While benchmark enterprise surveys currently provide the available database, the characteristic features mentioned above pose formidable challenges of survey design survey methodology and survey practices. It is therefore recommended that, periodical benchmark surveys of unorganised enterprises be continued while simultaneously conducting pilot studies for improving the technical survey design methods and practices.
          • For updating rates and ratios used in GDP estimation by industry of origin, it is recommended that type studies (Appendix 13.1) in different parts of the country, to provide reasonably representative estimates at the National level, be conducted regularly with the help of State Directorates of Economics and Statistics.
Download Reports
Download Reports
Back to Top